Imperial Iranian Generals

US honors Col. Juskalian with post office naming

Col. George Juskalian, a highly decorated veteran of three wars, passed away last July in Centreville, Virginia at the age of 96 and was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery on October 19, 2010.

Reverend Father Hovsep Karapetyan, pastor of St. Mary's Armenian Church in Washington D.C., offered the invocation before the presentation of colors by guards from the local American legion Post 177, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars post 8469. The Chantilly Academy Air Force JROTC, the Westfield High School Band and Chorus participated in the program befitting the occasion. After their rendition of the national anthem, colonel Juskalian's daughter,Elissa Lucine Juskalian, led the audience in the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.

"Col. George Juskalian not only was an honorable man and a servant to his country but he was also a devout Christian" said Father Karapetyan in a short address to the audience assembled before the building. "He was ready to sacrifice his life for his country and its people. This initiative of designating the Centreville Post Office as Col. George Juskalian building is a great honor and privilege that extends beyond his military career and achievements and goes all the way to his Armenian roots. On behalf of St. Mary's Armenian Church I bring my utmost appreciation to Congressman Frank Wolf and Senator Mark Warner for supporting this initiative and making this to become reality. Our appreciation also goes to those who stand behind this great project and this great endeavor".In remarks marking the occasion, Rep. Frank Wolf paid tribute to Colonel George Juskalian heroism and dedication to public service: "Col. Juskalian served in the Unites States Army with great distinction for nearly 30 years, including service in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. He spent 27 months in captivity as a Prisoner of War (POW) during WWII and received numerous awards from the U.S. Army for outstanding service including its highest honor, the Legion of Merit. Colonel Juskalian was an example of the best of America, son of immigrants who devoted himself to the preservation of our nation and freedom around the world. Col. George Juskalian was one of the most highly decorated Armenian-American veterans to ever serve in the U.S. Military. He is recognized for his service and his dedication to America.

Mohammad Mosaddegh – Control of the Iranian oil industry ...

Mohammad Mosaddegh – Control of the Iranian oil industry

Mohammad Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq (Persian: محمد مصدّق, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ] ( listen)*), also Mossadegh, Mossadeq, Mosadeck, or Musaddiq (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967), was the democratically elected[1][2][3] Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was overthrown in a coup d’état orchestrated by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. From an aristocratic background, Mosaddegh was an author, administrator, lawyer, prominent parliamentarian, and politician. During his time as prime minister, a wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out. Unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords’ estates. Twenty percent of the money landlords received in rent was placed in a fund to pay for development projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control.[4] He is most famous as the architect of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) (later British Petroleum or BP). The Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. was controlled by the British government.[5] Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the United States CIA at the request of the British MI6 which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh.[6] While the coup is commonly referred to as Operation Ajax[7] after its CIA cryptonym, in Iran it is referred to as the 28 Mordad 1332 coup, after its date on the Iranian calendar.[8] Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death.

Plot to depose Mosaddegh

Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on 19 August 1953. Unable to resolve the issue single handedly due to its post-World War II problems, Britain looked towards the United States to settle the issue. Initially America had opposed British policies. After American mediation had failed several times to bring about a settlement, American Secretary of State Dean Acheson concluded that the British were “destructive and determined on a rule or ruin policy in Iran.”[38] By early 1953, however, Dwight D. Eisenhower won the presidential election in the United States and a change in US policy toward Iran ensued. In October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy, and cut all diplomatic relations.[44] In November and December 1952, British intelligence officials suggested to American intelligence that the prime minister should be ousted. The new US administration under Dwight D. Eisenhower and the British government under Winston Churchill agreed to work together toward Mosaddegh’s removal. In March 1953, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles directed the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was headed by his younger brother Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Mosaddegh.[45] On 4 April 1953, CIA director Dulles approved US$1 million to be used “in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddegh”. Soon the CIA’s Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign against Mosaddegh. Finally, according to The New York Times, in early June, American and British intelligence officials met again, this time in Beirut, and put the finishing touches on the strategy. Soon afterward, according to his later published accounts, the chief of the CIA’s Near East and Africa division, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. the grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, arrived in Tehran to direct it.[46] In 2000, The New York Times made partial publication of a leaked CIA document titled, Clandestine Service History – Overthrow of Premier Mosaddegh of Iran – November 1952-August 1953. This document describes the point-by-point planning of the coup by agent Donald Wilbur, and execution conducted by the American and British governments. The New York Times published this critical document with the names censored. The New York Times also limited its publication to scanned image (bitmap) format, rather than machine-readable text. This document was eventually published properly – in text form, and fully unexpurgated. The complete CIA document is now web published. The word ‘blowback’ appeared for the very first time in this document. The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered on convincing Iran’s monarch to issue a decree to dismiss Mosaddegh from office, as he had attempted some months earlier. But the Shah was terrified to attempt such a dangerously unpopular and legally questionable move, and it would take much persuasion and many U.S. funded meetings, which included bribing his sister Ashraf with a mink coat and money, to successfully change his mind[citation needed]. Mosaddegh became aware of the plots against him and grew increasingly wary of conspirators acting within his government.[47] According to Dr. Donald N. Wilber, who was involved in the plot to remove Mossadegh from power, in early August, Iranian CIA operatives pretending to be socialists and nationalists threatened Muslim leaders with “savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh,” thereby giving the impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent, and stirring anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community. A referendum to dissolve parliament and give the prime minister power to make law was submitted to voters, and it passed with 99 percent approval, 2,043,300 votes to 1300 votes against.[48] According to Mark J. Gasiorowski, “There were separate polling stations for yes and no votes, producing sharp criticism of Mosaddeq” and that the “controversial referendum…gave the CIA’s precoup propaganda campaign an easy target”. On or around Aug. 16, Parliament was suspended indefinitely, and Mosaddeq’s emergency powers were extended. In August 1953, the Shah finally succumbed to the CIA plot, having been finally told by Roosevelt[citation needed] that the U.S. would proceed with him or without him, and formally dismissed the Prime Minister in a written decree, an act explicitly permitted under the constitution.[51] Then, as a precautionary measure, he flew to Baghdad and from there hid safely in Rome, Italy. He actually signed two decrees, one dismissing Mosaddegh and the other nominating the CIA’s choice, General Fazlollah Zahedi, as Prime Minister. These decrees, or Farmāns as they are called, were specifically written as dictated by Donald Wilbur the CIA architect of the plan, which were designed as a major part of Wilbur’s strategy to give the impression of legitimacy to the secret coup, as can be read in the declassified plan itself which bears his name. Wilbur was later given a letter of commendation by Alan Dulles, CIA head, for his work. It too is now declassified, and appears in Wilbur’s autobiography. Soon, massive protests, engineered by Roosevelt’s team, took place across the city and elsewhere with tribesmen paid to be at the ready to assist the coup. Fake anti- and pro-monarchy protesters, both paid by Roosevelt (as he reports in his book, cited), violently clashed in the streets, looting and burning mosques and newspapers, leaving almost 300 dead. The pro-monarchy leadership, chosen, hidden and finally unleashed at the right moment by the CIA team, led by retired army General and former Minister of Interior in Mosaddegh’s cabinet, Fazlollah Zahedi joined with underworld figures such as the Rashidian brothers and local strongman Shaban Jafari,[52] to gain the upper hand on 19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). The military joined on cue: pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital and bombarded the prime minister’s official residence, on Roosevelt’s cue, according to his book. Mosaddegh managed to flee from the mob that set in to ransack his house, and, the following day, surrendered to General Zahedi, who was meanwhile set up by the CIA with makeshift headquarters at the Officers’ Club. Mosaddegh was arrested at the Officers’ Club and transferred to a military jail shortly after. Shortly after the return of the Shah, on 22 August 1953, from his flight to Rome, Mosaddegh was arrested, tried and convicted of treason by the Shah’s military court. On December 21, 1953, he was sentenced to death. Later, Mosaddegh’s sentence was commuted to three years’ solitary confinement in a military prison, followed by house arrest in his Ahmadabad residence, until his death, on 5 March 1967.[53][54][55] Mosaddegh’s supporters were rounded up, imprisoned, tortured or executed. The minister of Foreign Affairs and the closest associate of Mosaddegh, Hossein Fatemi, was executed by order of the Shah’s military court. The order was carried out by firing squad on Oct. 29, 1953.[56] Zahedi’s new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oil companies to form a consortium and “restore the flow of Iranian oil to world markets in substantial quantities”, giving the U.S. and Great Britain the lion’s share of Iran’s oil. In return, the U.S. massively funded the Shah’s resulting government, including his army and secret police force, SAVAK, until the Shah’s overthrow in 1979.[57] The withdrawal of support for Mosaddegh by the powerful Shia clergy has been regarded as having been motivated by their fear of the chaos of a communist takeover.[60] Some argue that while many elements of Mosaddegh’s coalition abandoned him it was the loss of support from Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani and other clergy that was fatal to his cause, reflective of the dominance of the Ulema in Iranian society and a portent of the Islamic Revolution to come. The loss of the political clerics effectively cut Mosaddegh’s connections with the lower middle classes and the Iranian masses which are crucial to any popular movement in Iran.[61] Eventually the CIA’s involvement with the coup was exposed. This caused controversy within the organization and the CIA congressional hearings of the 1970s. CIA supporters maintained that the coup was strategically necessary, and praised the efficiency of the agents responsible. Critics say the scheme was paranoid, colonial, illegal, and immoral—and truly caused the “blowback” suggested in the pre-coup analysis. The extent of this “blowback,” over time, was not completely clear to the CIA, as they had an inaccurate picture of the stability of the Shah’s regime. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 caught the CIA and the US very much off guard (as CIA reporting a mere month earlier predicted no imminent insurrectionary turbulence whatsoever for the Shah’s regime), and resulted in the overthrow of the Shah (himself a non-democratic ruler) by a fundamentalist, non-democratic faction opposed to the US, headed by Ayatollah Khomeini. In retrospect, not only did the CIA and the US underestimate the extent of popular discontent for the Shah, but much of that discontent historically stemmed from the removal of Mosaddegh and the subsequent clientelism of the Shah. The US-backed coup, in effect, had ended Iran’s last fully democratic government, and there would be no return of democracy even after the Shah’s removal. In March 2000, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated her regret that Mosaddegh was ousted: “The Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons. But the coup was clearly a setback for Iran’s political development and it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to resent this intervention by America.” In the same year, The New York Times published a detailed report about the coup based on declassified CIA documents.

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